Diarrhoea, stroke, vidonda vya tumbo,uzazi wa mpango, atropine

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VIDONDA VYA TUMBO

VIDONDA VYA TUMBO( PEPTIC ULCER)

 Kupata ufahamu mpana juu ya vidonda vya tumbo ni vema kuelewa kwanza mfumo unaohusika na tumbo ambao ni umen'genyaji wa chakula. Sehemu kuu zinazohusika katika umen'genyaji huo ni kinywa,umio ambayo ni misuli wenye urefu wa sentimeta 23 ambao huunganisha koromeo na tumbo'esophagus',mfuko wa nyongo na sehemu ya mwanzo ya utumbo mdogo'duodenum',utumbo mdogo,kongosho,utumbo mpana na sehemu ya mwishoni ya utumbo'rectum'. Mfumo wa mmen'genyo wa chakula hasa kuta za umio,tumbo na utumbo mwembamba hupata mmomonyoko ambao husababishwa na tindikali inayotumika kumen'genya chakula inaposhambulia kuta hizo, hii ndiyo vidonda vya tumbo('Peptic Ulcers)vidonda vya mfumo wa umen'genyaji chakula vikiwa kwenye

1.Tumbo ni'(Gastric Ulcer'),vikiwa 2.katikati ya sehemu ya mwanzo ya utumbo mdogo ni '(Duodenal Ulcer')

NINI HUSABABISHA VIDONDA VYA TUMBO:au Chanzo Cha vidonda vya tumbo. 

 

Kisababishi kikuu ni bacteria aina H.Pylori Helicobacter Pylori ambaye hupatikiana kupitia vyakula na maji,

pia hupatikana kwenye mate ya binadamu hivyo inaweza kusambazwa mdomo kwa mdomo haswa kwa wenza wanaonyonyana ndimi.

Bacteria hawa huishi kwenye kuta za utumbo na hutengeneza vimen'genya viitwayo. Urease inayopunguza athari za asidi kwenye utumbo,utumbo hutaka kufidia kiasi cha asidi kinachopotea kwa kutengeneza zaidi na husababisha kukwangua kuta za utumbo, idadi kubwa ya watu wenye vidonda  wana ndugu wenye vidonda vya tumbo.

Uvutaji sigara na tumbaku pamoja na unywaji pombe pia husababisha vidonda na 

Msongo wa mawazo husababisha pia mtu kupata vidonda ua tumbo. 

Matumizi ya dawa za kutuliza Maumivu Kama aspirin kwa muda mrefu huweza kusababisha mtu kupata tatizo la vidonda vya tumbo 

 DALILI:

Ni nadra sana kwa mtu mwenye vidonda vya tumbo kutoonyesha dalili kama 

Maumivu makali ya tumbo aidha usiku.ukiwa na mawazo,ukiwa na njaa au ukishiba sana(maumivu haya huanzia kwenye kitovu na kupanda juu hadi katikati ya kifua),

kushindwa kumeza chakula au kukwama kama kinataka kurudi,

kujisikia vibaya baada ya kula,

kupungua uzito,

kukosa hamu ya kula,

kutapika damu,

kupata choo cheusi chenye damu,

kuhisi kutapika (kichefu chefu) 

JINSI YA KUGUNDUA NA KUDHIBITI VIDONDA VYA TUMBO

Vidonda vya tumbo /peptic ulcers, (gastric ulcer,duodenal ulcer)

Ili kuthibitisha aina ya vidonda vipimo vifuatavyo hufanyika

·        1.kupima damu kuangalia bacteria aina ya h.pylori na kama mgonjwa amekuwa akitumia antibiotic au dawa za vidonda'proton pump inhibitors-PPIs mfano. Omeprazole'vipimo vyake vya damu vitaonyesha majibu hasi.( hamna maambukizi) 

·        2.kupima pumzi:

mgonjwa hupewa anywe maji yenye atomi za kaboni zinazoweza kuvujia au kumwagikia kwenye kidonda,hii hufanya bacteria ya H.pylori kuvunjika na baada ya saa moja mgonjwa hutoa pumzi kwenye chombo kilichofunikwa na endapo mgonjwa ameambukizwa sampuli ya pumzi itaonyesha vipande vya kaboni kwenye kabonidioksaidi.

·        3.kupima antigeni kwenye kinyesi,kuangalia kama kuna bacteria h.pylori kwenye kinyesi

·                         4.Kufanya x-ray ya sehemu ya juu ya tumbo'(upper gastrointestinal) x-ray'picha huonyesha esophagus,mfuko wa tumbo'stomach'na duodenum

JINSI YA KUISHI NA VIDONDA VYA TUMBO

 Baada ya kufahamu kwa kina vyanzo vya vidonda vya tumbo,aina ya vidonda vya tumbo,dalili ya vidonda vya tumbo,uchunguzi/vipimo ni vyema tufahamu mambo yatakayotusaidia kuishi vizuri tukiwa na vidonda vya tumbo.

·        Awali ni vyema mhanga 

       1.aache kabisa kutumia kahawa na chai kwani huongeza kiwango cha asidi kinachotenezwa na tumbo lako(unaweza kutumia mchaichai kama mbadala).

·   

·      2.  Jitahidi kupunguza uzito hasa ikiwa uzito umezidi na hauendani na kimo chako.

·      3.  Kula angalau kidogo mara kwa mara,hii itasaidia kupunguza athari za asidi inayotengenezwa na 

  4.punguza mawazo au stress kwa kujishughulisha na kazi kadha wa  kadha 

5. Epuka matumizi ya dawa za kupunguza Maumivu na vyakula Pamoja na vinywaji vyenye Hali au vinavyo tengeneza acidi 

Unaweza kushare makala hii na  kulike 

Posted by well on 02:08 AM, 13-Oct-16 | 0 Comments

STROKE 

stroke 

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing brain tissue to die.

Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a major cause of adult disabilit

Risk factors for stroke 

Age is the single most important risk factor for stroke. The older you are, the more likely you are to have a stroke.

Anyone can have a stroke at any age. Your chances of having a stroke increase if you have certain risk factors. The best way to protect yourself and your loved ones from a stroke is to understand your risk and how to manage it.

Some of the risk factors for stroke cannot be controlled, such as your age or family history. But you can take steps to lower your risk by changing the factors you cancontrol.

High blood pressure is major risk factor for stroke. It occurs when the pressure of the blood in the arteries is too high.

Many common medical conditions can increase your risk for stroke. Work with your health care team to control your risk.

Previous Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

If you have already had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," your chances of having another stroke are higher.

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke. It occurs when the pressure of the blood in your arteries and other blood vessels is too high.

There are often no symptoms to signal high blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure by changes in lifestyle or by medication can reduce your risk for stroke.

    High Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver or found in certain foods. Your liver makes enough for your body’s needs, but we often get more cholesterol from the foods we eat. If we take in more cholesterol than the body can use, the extra cholesterol can build up in the arteries, including those of the brain. This can lead to narrowing of the arteries, stroke, and other problems.

A blood test can detect of the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides (a related kind of fat) in your blood.

Heart Disease

Common heart disorders can increase your risk for stroke. For example, coronary artery disease increases your risk for stroke because plaque builds up in the arteries and blocks the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Other heart conditions, such as heart valve defects, irregular heartbeat (including atrial fibrillation), and enlarged heart chambers, can cause blood clots that may break loose and cause a stroke.

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus also increases the risk for stroke. Your body needs glucose (sugar) for energy. Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas that helps move glucose from the food you eat to your body's cells. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin, can’t use its own insulin as well as it should, or both.

Diabetes causes sugars to build up in the blood. Talk to your doctor about ways to manage diabetes and control other risk factors.

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder associated withischemic stroke that mainly affects black and Hispanic children. The disease causes some red blood cells to form an abnormal sickle shape. A stroke can happen if sickle cells get stuck in a blood vessel and block the flow of blood to the brain.

Diets high in saturated fats, trans fat, sodium, and cholesterol have been linked to stroke and related conditions. Make the healthy choice.

Your lifestyle choices can influence your risk for stroke. To reduce your risk, your doctor may recommend changes to your lifestyle.

The good news is that healthy behaviors can lower your risk for stroke.

Unhealthy Diet

Diets high in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol have been linked to stroke and related conditions, such as heart disease. Also, too much salt (sodium) in the diet can raise blood pressure levels.

Physical Inactivity

Not getting enough physical activity can increase the chances of having other risk factors for stroke, including obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Regular physical activity can lower your risk for stroke.

Obesity

Obesity is excess body fat. Obesity is linked to higher "bad" cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to lower "good" cholesterol levels. In addition to heart disease, obesity can also lead to high blood pressure and diabetes.

Too Much Alcohol

Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure levels and the risk for stroke. It also increases levels of triglycerides, a form of fat in your blood, which can harden your arteries.

Women should have no more than 1 drink a day.Men should have no more than 2 drinks a day.

Tobacco Use

Tobacco use increases the risk for stroke. Cigarette smoking can damage the heart and blood vessels, which increases your risk for stroke. Also, nicotine raises blood pressure, and carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that your blood can carry. Exposure to other people’s secondhand smoke can increase the risk for stroke even for nonsmokers.

Family members share genes, behaviors, lifestyles, and environments that can influence their health and their risk for disease. Stroke risk can be higher in some families than in others, and your risk for stroke can increase based on your age, sex, and race or ethnicity.

Genetics and Family History

When members of a family pass traits from one generation to another through genes, that process is called heredity.

Genetic factors likely play some role in high blood pressure, stroke, and other related conditions. Several genetic disorders can cause a stroke, including sickle cell disease. It also is likely that people with a family history of stroke share common environments and other potential factors that increase their risk.

The risk for stroke can increase even more when heredity combines with unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking cigarettes and eating an unhealthy diet.

Signs and symptoms of stroke 

Sudden severe headache with no known cause is a stroke sign in men and women.

During a stroke, every minute counts! Fast treatmentcan reduce the brain damage that stroke can cause.

By knowing the signs and symptoms of stroke, you can be prepared to take quick action and perhaps save a life—maybe even your own. Watch a video about stroke signs and symptoms;background-position:right center;background-repeat:no-repeat;"> from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Signs of Stroke in Men and Women

Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body.Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech.Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination.Sudden severe headache with no known cause.

Call 9-1-1 immediately if you or someone else has any of these symptoms.

Acting F.A.S.T. Is Key for Stroke

Acting F.A.S.T. can help stroke patients get thetreatments they desperately need. The most effective stroke treatments are only available if the stroke is recognized and diagnosed within 3 hours of the first symptoms. Stroke patients may not be eligible for the most effective treatments if they don’t arrive at the hospital in time.

If you think someone may be having a stroke, act F.A.S.T.1 and do the following simple test:

F—Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
A—Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
S—Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange?
T—Time: If you observe any of these signs, call 9-1-1 immediately.

Note the time when any symptoms first appear. Some treatments for stroke only work if given in the first 3 hours after symptoms appear. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving treatment on the way to the emergency room.

Types of trocke 

The main types of stroke are

Ischemic stroke.Hemorrhagic stroke.Transient ischemic attack (a warning or “mini-stroke”).

Ischemic Stroke

Most strokes (85%) are ischemic strokes.1 If you have an ischemic stroke, the artery that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the brain becomes blocked.

Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic strokes. 

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures (breaks open). The leaked blood puts too much pressure on brain cells, which damages them.

High blood pressure and aneurysms—balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst—are examples of conditions that can cause a hemorrhagic stroke.

There are two types of hemorrhagic strokes:

Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood.Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a less common type of hemorrhagic stroke. It refers to bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover it.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is sometimes called a "mini-stroke." It is different from the major types of stroke because blood flow to the brain is blocked for only a short time—usually no more than 5 minutes.

How to prevent stroke 

Physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower cholesterol and blood pressure.

You can help prevent stroke by making healthy lifestyle choices. A healthy lifestyle includes the following:

Eating a healthy diet.Maintaining a healthy weight.Getting enough exercise.Not smoking.Limiting alcohol use.

Healthy Diet

Choosing healthy meal and snack options can help you avoid stroke and its complications. Be sure to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Eating foods low in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol and high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol. Limiting salt (sodium) in your diet also can lower your blood pressure.

If you have heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes you can take steps to lower your risk for stroke.

Other medical conditions

Check Cholesterol

Your health care provider should test your cholesterol levels at least once every 5 years. Talk with your health care team about this simple blood test. If you have high cholesterol, medications and lifestyle changes can help reduce your risk for stroke.

Control Blood Pressure

High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, so be sure to have it checked on a regular basis. Talk to your health care team about how often you should check your levels. You can check your blood pressure at home, at a doctor’s office, or at a pharmacy.

If you have high blood pressure, your doctor might prescribe medication, recommend some changes in your lifestyle, or advise you to lower the levels of salt in your diet.

Manage Diabetes

If your health care provider thinks you have symptoms of diabetes, he or she may recommend that you get tested. If you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar levels carefully. Talk with your health care team about treatment options. Your doctor may recommend certain lifestyle changes to help keep your blood sugar under good control—those actions will help reduce your risk for stroke.

Manage Heart Disease

If you have certain heart conditions, such as atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat), your health care team may recommend medical treatment or surgery. Taking care of heart problems can help prevent stroke.

Take Your Medicine

If you take medication to treat heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes, follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. Always ask questions if you don’t understand something. Never stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor or pharmacist.

Talk with Your Health Care Team

You and your health care team can work together to prevent or treat the medical conditions that lead to stroke. Discuss your treatment plan regularly, and bring a list of questions to your appointments.

If you’ve already had a stroke or TIA, your health care team will work with you to prevent further strokes. Your treatment plan will include medications or surgery and lifestyle changes to reduce your risk for another stroke. Be sure to take your medications as directed and follow your doctor’s instructions.

Posted by well on 09:59 PM, 06-Oct-16 | 0 Comments

NJIA ZA UZAZI WA MPANGO NA ADHARI ZAKE

Uzazi wa mpango :Ni za kitalaam zinazo msaidizi mtu kujikinga kupata Mimba dhidi ya magonjwa yasababishwayo au kuenexwa kwa njia ya ngono au kujamiana

Kwanini njia ya uzazi wa mpango Kuna sababu kadha wa kadha Kama kwa mwanamke; 

·         Ambaye hakutumia kinga wakati wa tendo la ndoa.·         Ambaye amebakwa au kulazimishwa kingono·         Ambaye kondomu imepasuka wakati wa tendo la ndoa.·         Ambaye ametumia vibaya njia yake ya uzazi wa mpango kama sindano au vidonge.·         Kama mwanaume alishindwa kuchomoa wakati wa kutoa mbegu.

Njia hizi ni zipi 

kuna njia nyingi sana za uzazi wa mpango ikiwemo 

.vitanzi, 

.vijiti, 

.kondomu,

.kutumia kalenda,

.Sindano

.Vidonge,

 .Upasuaji wa kufunga mirija na kadhalika. 

.Kuchomoa kabla hujamwaga mbegu za kiume ukeni. 

Kondomu(condom) ;-

ni njia bora sana kwani huzuia maambukizi dhidi ya magonjwa mbalimbali ya ngono kama (kaswende, kisonono, ukimwi na na) kwa jinsia zote mwanamke na mwanaume, Pia huzuia mimba kwa mwanamke Kama zitatumiaka vizuri na kwa uangalifu.
 

      Kuchomoa na kumwagia nje mbegu ;-

hii ni njia moja wapo nzuri ya uzazi wa mpango kwa wanafamilia huzuia pia Mimba kwa wapenzi ambao hawako tayari kupata mtoto kwa  muda huo  Madhala au hatari ya njia hii

Kama mmoja wa wanafamilia sio mwaminifu na akawa anamaambukizi ya aina yoyote ya ngono ni rahisi kumwambukiza mwenzi wake 

Lakini pia isipotumika kwa umakini ni rahisi kwa mwanamke kupata ujauzito kirahisi 

Kijiti 

kijiti cha plastiki chenye homoni za uzazi huwekwa kwenye mkono wa mwanamke, homoni ndani ya kijiti hicho huzuia mimba kwa kwa kuzuia yai kutoka kwenye kiwanda yaani ovari kwenda kwenye kizazi . kijiti hiki huwekwa bure kwenye hospitali zote za serikali tanzania.

kwanini njia hii ni bora kuliko zote?

hurudisha uwezo wa kuzaa haraka:kama unatumia kijiti hata kama kiliwekwa wiki iliyopita, ukibadilisha mawazo ukataka mtoto kinatolewa na mwezi huohuo unapata mtoto, tofauti na njia ya sindano ambayo ukichomwa leo kuna uwezekano wa kukaa mpaka miaka miwili bila kupata mtoto

Sindano 

Ni moja ya njia za uzazi wa mpango ambayo hutumika kuzuia ubebaji wa Mimba 

Sindano za uzazi wa mpango zina homoni aina moja tu ya projesteroni. 

Kuna aina tofauti tofauti za sindano za uzazi wa mpango mfano 

Noristeral :-inayozuia mimba kwa wiki 8, 

Depo Provera: Inayozuia mimba kwa wiki 12 na 

Sayana Press inayozuia mimba kwa wiki 13. 

Aina kuu inayotumika nchini Tanzania inaitwa  Depo-Provera. Sindano hizi huwa na homoni za projestini aina ya Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA au Depo Provera) inayofanana na homoni asilia ya projesteroni inayopatikana kwenye Mwili wa mwanamke 

Depo Huanza kifanya kazi baada ya masaa ambapo huzui yai kutoka kwenye ovary (kokwa) na kufanya ute mzito kwenye cervix (shingo ya kizazi) ambao unazui upitaji wa mbegu za mwanaume kwaajili ya kurutubisha yai la mwanamke pia huchelewesha upitaji wa yai kutoka kupita kwenye Felopian tube /mirija ya uzazi Kwenda kurutubishwa 

Sindano ya uzazi wa mpango unaweza tumiwa na mwanamke yoyote 

Madhara yanayoweza kujitokeza kwa kutumia Sindano ni miezi ya mwanzo ya matumizi ya Sindano hizi ni kuumwa na kichwa, kupata hedhi isiyoya kawaida kukosa hedhi baada ya miezi kaadhaa baadae,kuongezeka uzito Sana. Kuharibu mpangilio wa hedhi, matumizi yakizidi Sana anaweza kuwa mgumba au kutozaa kabisa sababu Sindano hizi huharibu uzazi wa mwanamke hivyo hupelekea kukosa uzao

Vidonge

Ni DAWA za kumeza zinazofanya kazi sambamba na DAWA au njia zingine za uzazi wa mipango

Dawa hizi humezwa kuwa na madhara ya pembeni. Baada ya kutumia 

Madhara madogo madogo ya dawa hizo…

·         Kichefuchefu·         Tumbo kuuma·         Kuchoka sana·         Kichwa kuuma·         Kizunguzungu·         Kutapika·         Maumivu ya matiti.

Kwa njia ya kuhesabu kalenda

Kuhesabu kalenda ni njia ambayo mwanamke anaweza itumia kujikinga kupata Mimba kama atakuwa mwangalifu na makini katika kufatilia .Njia hii huhusisha mzinguko wa hedhi wa kila mwezi wa mwanamke .kama mwanamke yuko vizuri kufatilia mzunguko wake wa hedhi inakuwa no rahisi sana kufuzu njia hii. Njia hii inakuwa kama ifuatavyo.

Kwa mfano

Kama unaingia hedhi tarehe 1june na hedhi yuko unaenda siku tano au saba siku ya mwisho ya hedhi ongeza siku mbili(2) hesabu kuanzia siku ya 3 mpaka ya 5 hadi ya 7 hizi siku ni salama unaweza kufanya na mwenzi wako bila kupata Mimba 

 kuanzia siku ya sita (6) au ya nane (8) hadi ya 10 au 12 ni salama kulingana na mzunguko wako 

Kuanzia siku ya 11 hadi au 14 hadi siku ya 18 au 20 hatari

Kuanzia siku ya 20 au 22 hadi 28 ni siku salama mzunguko unaanza Tena.

Njia hii haina madhala yoyote kwa mtumiaji ikitumika kwa ufasaha haikingi maambukizi ya magonjwa mengine yaambukizwayo kwa njia ya kujamiana

Posted by well on 06:42 AM, 01-Oct-16 | 0 Comments

NYANYA NA FAIDA KTK MWILI WA BINADAMU

FAIDA ZA KULA NYANYA

Posted by well on 04:12 PM, 30-Sep-16 | 0 Comments

ATROPINE

Atropine is a medication used to treat

certain types of nerve agent and pesticide

poisonings, some types of slow heart rate,

and to decrease saliva production during

surgery. [3] It is typically given

intravenously or by injection into a muscle.

[3] Eye drops are also available which are

used to treat uveitis and early amblyopia .[4]

The intravenous solution usually begins

working within a minute and lasts half an

hour to an hour. [1] Large doses may be

required to treat poisonings. [3]

Common side effects include a dry mouth,

large pupils , urinary retention 

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